Both plot and stem functions are used to represent a curve in MATLAB.
The main point of difference between the two is that plot displays the continuous values for the curve. Think about drawing a graph of y= sin(x) using a pencil without removing its contact from paper.
On the other hand, stem displays the discrete values of the points on the curve. Think about drawing the graph of y=sin(x) for specific values such as 0,15,30,45,60and 90degrees respectively. Then join these points from the X-axis. This is the result given by stem.
Try to run this simple code on MATLAB to find the difference yourself.

clc
clear all
close all
x = linspace(-pi,pi,50);
y = sin(x);
subplot(1,2,1)
plot(x,y)
xticks([ -pi 0 pi ])
xticklabels({'-\pi','0','\pi'})
title('Plot function of Sin(x)')
grid on
subplot(1,2,2)
stem(x,y)
xticks([ -pi 0 pi ])
xticklabels({'-\pi','0','\pi'})
title('Stem function of Sin(x)')
grid on

The output of this code:

In the code, I’ve used linspace to give the range and the division of values. I’ve used subplot to divide the area of of figure window into 2 equal parts. I’ve also used xticks and xticklabels to change the X-axis from number format to π format. I’ve used other features such as title, grid on to make my curve presentable.

You can clearly see that the curve using plot displays a continuous line while the use of stem results in discrete values marked on the graph.

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